Looking Into Alzheimers Disease to Better Underst Essays

Investigating Alzheimer's Disease to Better Underst Essays Investigating Alzheimer's Disease to Better Understand Vasant Patel Burlington County Community College Creator's Note This paper was set up for Psychology 101, Section 600, educated by Professor Jeffrey Dean. Theoretical This paper gives a knowledge on the world's most basic pandemic found by a German specialist, Alois Alzheimer: Alzheimer's ailment. Alzheimer's is a type of dementia where mind issue sway lives. Alzheimer's illness delivers numerous indications that can stir up individuals' ways of life and cause disturbances between the casualties' families. It influences memory misfortune, trouble in focus and thinking, and dynamic. It is brought about by plaques that can harm and annihilate synapses. This article goes more top to bottom in the reason and treatment of Alzheimer's ailment just as meds included and the various approaches to adapt to Alzheimer's sickness. Is it basic for individuals to lose their assets? Since adolescence, individuals tend to overlook their schoolwork or forget about answers when given a test or test on account of weight and apprehension. As age advances, individuals start to have days where they lose their possessions or desert things. Everybody realizes that as individuals get more established, their recollections lose its sharpness that was once noticeable at a more youthful age. Numerous individuals imagine that abandoning things or overlooking something is normal as age advances. Nonetheless, this may not be the situation. Visit events of overlooking things might be only the start of Alzheimer's malady. Individuals may confound Alzheimer's to not be dementia. In any case, Alzheimer's ailment is a type of dementia that outcomes in memory misfortune and appropriate insight. Walker, Salek, and Bayer (1998) in A Review of Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease express that Dementia is the worldwide impedance of highe r cortical capacity including memory, the ability to take care of the issues of everyday living, the presentation of educated perceptuo-engine aptitudes, the right utilization of social abilities, and control of feeling responses, without net blurring of awareness (Walker, Salek, and Bayer, 1998, p. 500). So also, Alzheimer's illness manages disability of memory, insight, and engine and social aptitudes. The malady delivers numerous indications that can make lives hard for some casualties. Likewise, the sickness has no fix by any means. Individuals need to live with it for the remainder of their lives and experience steady tests and perceptions so their PCPs can record their movement of the malady. In spite of the fact that the reason for Alzheimer's illness is obscure, there are a couple of variables that have influence in the improvement of the malady. Alzheimer's infection causes changes in the mind a very long time before the manifestations even happen. Family ancestry, age, and qualities are not many of the numerous elements that start the Alzheimer's infection. There are three known sorts of Alzheimer's ailment: beginning stage, familial, and late-beginning. Beginning stage malady is uncommon and happens in individuals between the ages 30 and 50. In spite of the fact that this type of illness is unprecedented, it compounds rapidly. Familial Alzheimer's is acquired and in Yaso Shan's (2013) Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease, she says, in influenced families, individuals from at any rate two ages have had AD, (Shan, 2013, p.34). Late-beginning Alzheimer's ailment happens after the age of 60 and is more typical than beginning stage Alzheimer's ailment. It is once in a while r uns in families however on the off chance that family ancestry of Alzheimer's ailment is discovered, at that point there is more hazard that individuals may build up the illness. At the present time, just a single quality, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has been connected with this sort of ailment. Be that as it may, the rate for individuals to convey this quality is very low. Despite the fact that the reason for Alzheimer's sickness is as yet indistinct, its impact on the cerebrum isn't. The infection gradually harms synapses prompting mind and cell shrinkage. Plaques and tangles are two variations from the norm that are considered to have influence in the reason for the Alzheimer's ailment. In Living Longer, Often with Dementia, McFadden (2013) further clarifies, As plaques and tangles collect, nerve cells in the cerebrum bite the dust, particularly in parts of the mind answerable for memory and critical thinking a dynamic (McFadden, 2013, p. 6). Plaques, otherwise called beta-amyloid, a re protein bunches that harm and demolish synapses. In spite of the fact that the real impact of plaques on Alzheimer's is obscure, it is a chance. Finally, synapses need inward help for supplements to

Literary Luminary Essay Example

Artistic Luminary Essay Week#1: Literary Luminary â€Å"The Great Gatsby† Chapter 1/2 You take a gander at him some of the time when he thinks nobodys looking. Not well wagered he murdered a man. (Fitzgerald 44) - This entry shows the considerations that run among all of Gatsbys visitors. Who right? Where did he originate from? Gatsby has set himself up to a great deal of inquiries and a ton of tension. He grinned understandingly-substantially more than understandingly. It was one of those uncommon grins with a nature of consolation in it that you may go over four or multiple times throughout everyday life. (Fitzgerald 48) - This section exhibits the fascination individuals have towards Gatsby. While they may not think a lot about him, they are brought into him by his kind disposition and appeal. This is something that Nick believes is uncommon about Gatsby. Some time toward 12 PM Tom Buchanan and Mrs. Wilson stood eye to eye examining in enthusiastic voices whether Mrs. Wilson reserved any privilege to specify Daisys name. Daisy! Daisy! Daisy! yelled Mrs. Wilson Ill state it at whatever point I need to! Daisy! Dai-Making a short deft development Tom Buchanan tore her nose with his open hand. (Fitzgerald 37) - This entry shows us the how society treated lady back in those days as though they didn’t have their own ability to speak freely, the circumstance anyway was dealt with distinctively in view of the way that Mrs. Wilson appeared to straightforwardly say her name with no idea that her activities may have outcomes. In today’s society if one somehow happened to break a lady’s nose for shouting out the name of a bloom, they may be placed into something as extraordinary as a psychological refuge. It’s intriguing to depict these two distinct contentions since we should differentiate occasions that go on today and in those days. People groups moral norms these days are so extremely low. Connections arent honest, the manner in which everybody dresses is peculiar, and the manner in which others talk isn't right. In the book, Tom Buchanan takes Nick to his young lady, despite the fact that hes previously wedded, and she dresses odd. In the book it says, Were getting off, he demanded. â€Å"I need you to meet my young lady. † (Fitzgerald 24). Nobody remains consistent with their qualities any longer, since, similar to Tom, they do anything they desire. - Nick goes to Gatsbys party, one of the main visitors that come that were really welcomed. - An immense ensemble was there. Jordan Baker is there, alongside apparently everybody in West Egg. We will compose a custom exposition test on Literary Luminary explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Literary Luminary explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Literary Luminary explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer This implies Gatsby is exceptionally rich, considering he can gracefully nourishment for all the individuals. Section 3 (something to think about) Also, in all of part 3 individuals are celebrating and tattling. This unquestionably happens a ton today, particularly in secondary school. They meddled about Gatsby when somebody stated, â€Å"Somebody disclosed to me they thought he slaughtered a man once (Fitzgerald 44). The majority of the individuals at the gathering are additionally not welcomed, which likewise occurs at a great deal of secondary school parties today. I was one of only a handful scarcely any visitors who had really been welcomed. Individuals were not invitedthey went there (Fitzgerald 41).

Fascinating Tidbits about Female Bodies from GROSS ANATOMY

Fascinating Tidbits about Female Bodies from GROSS ANATOMY Women are socialized into having a fraught relationship with our bodies: forever scrutinizing, shaming, and sucking it in (or sticking it out). What makes a spate of new nonfiction books so refreshing is the gleeful way they lean into the female body’s complexity, warts and all. The emphasis is in fact on the warts in these entertaining books: Samantha Irby’s We Are Never Meeting in Real Life, a frank and humorous essay collection that includes plenty of Irby’s signature poop talk Tallulah Pomeroy’s A Girl’s Guide to Personal Hygiene, an illustrated collection of hygiene-related confessions from anonymous internet commenters Aline Kominsky-Crumb’s Love That Bunch, a compilation of autobiographical  comics from a pioneering gross-out cartoonist   Then there’s Mara Altman’s Gross Anatomy: Dispatches from the Front (and Back). Gross Anatomy is a breezy text stuffed with jokes, personal anecdotes, and fascinating facts. This memoir-esque approach is endearing but has its problems, as it narrows the perspective. For instance, the chapter on sex noises is distractingly heteronormative. It doesn’t express any curiosity about nonâ€"penis-in-vagina sex (or even why there would be such a gendered difference in the “copulatory vocalizations” American women are socialized into making, yet American men are socialized into suppressing). The book is also extremely western-focused. It talks about menstruation, for instance, as a culturally defined problem in European and European-descended cultures. But menstruation remains a more extreme taboo in certain non-western traditions, sometimes mandating the physical isolation of a woman on her period. Gross Anatomy is full of an appealing curiosity, but this curiosity generally only extends as far as Altman’s own environment. Even with these quibbles, the book is chock-full of interesting information and quotes from an impressive number of researchers. Here are some of Gross Anatomy’s more WTF moments: American women in the first half of the 20th century went to X-ray epilation clinics to remove their body hair, even after this practice was banned in 1940. Altman writes, “Many women suffered gruesome disfigurement, scarring, ulceration, cancer, and death, all because of the extreme pressure to become hairless. The women who were adversely affected were dubbed the North American Hiroshima Maidens, named after the women who suffered radiation poisoning after the nuclear bombs hit Japan in World War II.” Since 2000, the popularity of Brazilian waxes and smooth genitals among women has led to a massive reduction in pubic lice. Pubic hairs are the homes and transport systems of pubic lice, better known as crabs, in their two- to three-week lives. We humans find it really hard to see ourselves accurately. One study by a University of Chicago researcher involved taking photos of people and changing them into more attractive and less attractive versions. When the research subjects looked at the photos of themselves, most thought that the altered-to-be-hotter photos were the genuine ones. The Kama Sutra contains this gem of a sentence: “Cries like those of doves, cuckoos, green pigeons, parrots, bees, moorhens, geese, ducks, and quails are important options for use in moaning.” This is quoted in a chapter of Gross Anatomy on sex noises, which also notes that yellow baboons make the exact same noises during sex as they do during defecation. Altman writes: “When I feel bad about something â€" like the woes of having a large belly button â€" I often think about Demodex folliculorum, a type of mite that lives on our foreheads. At night, it has sex on our faces. The microscopic beasts don’t have an anus, so when they fill up to capacity, they explode. Your face is a literal shitstorm. Somehow that puts whatever issue I’m having back into perspective.” Ancient Greeks believed that menstruation was a crucial means of releasing blood, and that women would die without this release. So late periods were a concern. One way to kickstart some healthy bleeding was removing the toxic parts of poisonous beetles, stuffing them in wool, and sticking them into the vaginal canal, which would make a woman scratch until she bled. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Genocides Past and Present Essay - 1298 Words

Genocides Past and Present Genocide, a dire event, has been recurring time and time again throughout history. In the past, there was the Holocaust, where Hitler exterminated over six million Jews based on his anti-semitic views. Elie Wiesel, a Jewish author, has become a very influential man in educating the world of the true events of the Holocaust due to his involvement in the disaster. Presently, a genocide is occurring in the Darfur region of southern Sudan, in which according to Cheryl Goldmark, â€Å"a systematic slaughter of non-Arab residents at the the hands of Arab militiamen called Janjaweed† has been taking place since 2003. (1) Not only is genocide a tragic historical event, it also continuously occurs today. Genocide in†¦show more content†¦Adolf Hitler, and his Nazi Party that followed him, began persecuting Jews in 1933. Adolf Hitler, the mastermind behind the Holocaust, was an anti-semitic man who believed in a superior Arian German race. Hitlers r ise to power was just the beginning of a series of events that almost led to the complete annihilation of many countries Jewish population. First, laws that limited the Jews rights were applied. Next, their valuables were taken from their possession, and then the innocent people were forced into cramped ghettos lined with barbwire. According to Sally Marks, â€Å"the term holocaust is derived from the Greek language and literally means a sacrifice totally consumed by fire.† (1) Living up to its definition, during the Holocaust many Jews were burned in the fiery mouths of the crematoriums. The impact of the segregational laws as well as being forced into ghettos were only the beginning of the inhumane crimes the Jews were subjected to during the Holocaust. Concentration camps were horrible places filled with starvation, dangerous work, and death. After being taken out of the ghettos Jews were most often carted like caged animals to the camps. There, if not immediately sentenc ed to death during selection, the people were stripped of their identity and thrown into a situation no human deserves to be in. Many Jews either lost their faith or used it as a tool for survival. Many asked themselves, is there a god, or is this a test of faith? (Sheldon 1) GivenShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of The Guatemalan Genocide Of A Minority Group1449 Words   |  6 Pagesthe effects of the Guatemalan genocide of a minority group called the mayans that resulted in the death and displacement of thousands, and how mining companies took advantage of this violence. I will also analyze civil wars in general and how even without war there is no peace in Guatemala. The extracurricular activity I attended for this report on peace studies was Dr. Catherine Nolin’s public lecture called â€Å"Transnational Ruptures in a Time of Impunity: Genocide, Mining and Migration†. Dr. NolinRead MoreThe Measure Of The Impact Of The Genocide1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe measure of the impact of the genocide is an often-touched upon subject in both books. Again, Fujii’s perspective tends to measure the impact of the genocide on individuals (though the national and international impact is mentioned), whereas Destexhe’s writing focuses on the macro-level impacts on both the country of Rwanda, as well as the international community. This is one aspect where I believe that Fujii’s method of analysis falls short when compared to Destexhe. While Fujii’s interviewsRead MoreForgiveness in Post-Genocide Rwanda742 Words   |  3 Pagesforgiving one another, as God in Christ forgave you.† After the genocide, which took th e lives of countless loved ones, Rwandans re-found their faith in order to forgive their wrongdoers. Moreover, many of the Rwandan’s needed to forgive each other for their crimes in order to deal with the pain of losing their family members. Rwanda is a small country where the individuals depend upon each other for the basic needs in life. Once the genocide had ended, the government needed its citizens to cooperateRead MoreLaw, Culture And Language Lyrics Of Hate1162 Words   |  5 Pagessocieties that produce new languages and cultures of remembrance in â€Å"The Ground of the Image† (Fordam University Press: annotated edition 2005), â€Å"the image of [genocide] is sacred.†(1) To appeal to officially sanctioned history, an anthropologist perspective of the law is a central element in examining how language has been enlisted throughout the past of any civilization. The work of an anthropologist is to examine how the law has interpreted numerous cultural, historical and political events of varyingRead MoreThe Horrors of Genocide: Night, by Elie Wiesel1699 Words   |  7 Pagesthis social utopia. Throughout history, many occurrences of genocide have occurred due to the diversity of people and even though society has evolved greatly, there are still people and places today that are suffering. To start off with, what is genocide? Genocide is the killing of a massive number of people of in a group. Genocide has not only been practices in the present day, but it has been practiced for millennia (Horvitz 1). Genocide occurs because people are different, in race, religion, andRead MoreThe Genocide And The Holocaust1198 Words   |  5 PagesThere have been several genocides in the past century. The Cambodian Genocide and the Holocaust are two of the great tragedies of the twentieth century. The Holocaust occurred in Germany and Eastern Europe. The Cambodian genocide took place in Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge was an overwhelming communist force that took Phnom Penh by surprise. In Cambodia, â€Å"21% of the population was killed. That is about 1.7 million people that lost their lives† (â€Å"Past Genocides†). There was little commotion or outcryRead MoreThe Victims Of History By George Orwell1234 Words   |  5 PagesThe Victims of History the importance in critical history studies In his critically acclaimed novel, 1984, George Orwell wrote the following; â€Å"Who controls the past controls the future. And who controls the present controls the past.† When discussing the validity of studying history critically, I think this quote accurately highlights many of the key points that are discussed when it comes to studying history. Critical history analysis prompts us to consider more than just the information we areRead MoreGhosts of Rwanda Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesRwanda Reflection Does the Genocide in Rwanda have a singular cause? I do not believe so; the cause of genocide in Rwanda in 1994 was due to years of built up hatred between the Tutsis and the Hutus along with many other occurrences. The Rwandan Genocide is no exception with many variables contributing to the horrific events that took place. According to the documentary Ghosts of Rwanda, in 1994, Rwanda experienced a premeditated, systematic and state sponsored genocide with the aim of exterminatingRead MoreUNs Failures in Preventing Rwandan Genocide811 Words   |  3 PagesAccording to Aldelman (2005), the Rwanda 1994 genocide was the most disastrous case of mass murder the entire world has ever witnessed since WWII. The genocide resulted from the deliberate choice of a modern elite to foster hatred and fear to keep itself in power. According to Shah, (2006), this was a case of the majority Hutu who comprised 85% of the population turning against the Tutsi minority who made up 12% of the populati on in order to counter a growing political opposition within Rwanda. TheRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesThe problems of today can often be traced in the beginnings of yesterday. The Rwandan Genocide was a divisive division of two groups that culminated in the mass murder of nearly 500,000 Rwandans, three-fourths of the population. The tactful subterfuge by the ruling party fueled the separation of two ethnic groups that reminisce the events in Europe 55 years earlier. Naturally, the question becomes, how? Simply speaking it was the indifference of global elites and political demagoguery that incited

The Jungle By Upton Sinclair - 1437 Words

America is known as the golden opportunity to live a better life, have freedom, and liberty. Immigrants believe that America could improve their quality of life. Immigrants encountered extreme poverty in their countries and affording a family was impossible. However, the reality is much more horrendous and the true successors in the labor force are the wealthy business owners. The Jungle is a fictional novel by Upton Sinclair, reveals the real reality of working in the labor force in America and the dehumanizing of capitalism. The capitalist class took advantage of the working class by having them under their thumb and took away labor rights, threatening their freedom of speech, and abusing them physically and mentally. The working†¦show more content†¦Then Jurgis coveted his face with his hands, for there were tears in his eyes, and he felt like a fool. But he had such a horrible fright: strong man as he was, it left him almost too weak to stand up.†(Sinclair 62). J urgis and Ona s family buy a house in poor conditions and needs to pay rent for seven years. Unfornaletely, rent is extremely high and Antanus, a Jurgis old man, gets a job in the pickle room. Antanus old age became the reason why he couldn t handle the job and ends up dying. Secondly, Jurgis realize that the meatpacking plant ethics are not appropriate, so he joins a union. Jurgis becomes injured in work and very ill, so the bills end up pilling up. Maria ends up sending her children to the workforce to provide for the expenses. The author also provides how the workforce affect a woman. Ona becomes pregnant once again and sick from working for many hours. She deals with her boss harassing her. Jurgis becomes arrested for confronting the Ona s boss. She decides to leave her home. The family ends up dealing with more economic disadvantages. Jurgis ends up lay off and gets a job in fertilizer with the worst job qualities. Life after prison is not easy either, but Jurgis still becomes hopeful to help out his family with the bills. When he goes home he realizes that his family is another resident home. Unfortunately, Ona gave birth but both the baby and she did not make it. Jurgis ends up looking for work toShow MoreRelatedThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1526 Words   |  7 Pagessocietal and government reforms did â€Å"The Jungle† call for. Do you feel this novel was effective in bringing about any of these reforms. â€Å"The Jungle†, written by Upton Sinclair, is an astonishing novel informing readers about the devastating truths involving impoverished life in America, particularly Chicago. This novel gives the reader an inside look into to the struggles of numerous European immigrants as they ventured to America during the early 1900 s. Sinclair depicts the disturbing and emotionalRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair986 Words   |  4 PagesThe life of Jurgis Rudkus, from the novel The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, shares many parallels to the life of the working class in American society during the period 1865 to 1910. that limits the freedom of the working class. Even though it is stated on paper that working class citizens such as Jurgis are equals and just as free as the upper-class citizens, society limited the the freedom of the working class. People like Jurgis are not truly â€Å"free† because the social and political forces at the timeRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair 1155 Words   |  5 Pages8/10/17 The Jungle By Upton Sinclair Book Review The working conditions in the US in the 20th  century were diffcult since workers had to struggle to survive on the daily bases.The Jungle written by Upton Sinclair does not only highlight the life of American workers but also uncovers the infleunce of capitalism in the US, where workers and employees were destined to fight for a living, while the upper-class reaped the benefits of national wealth.The Jungle gives many examples of theRead MoreThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair651 Words   |  3 Pages This book is called The Jungle. The Author or this book goes by the name of Upton Sinclair. The Jungle was published on February 26, 1906. Upton Sinclair is an American author with almost 100 books which are based on many different genres. Sinclair is a journalist, novelist, as well as a political activist. Sinclair is most famous for this book. The Jungle is a novel that is based on the disgusting conditions of the US meatpacking industry, and the hardships of the labor that immigrant me n and womenRead MoreThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair1400 Words   |  6 PagesWhat are the major issues Sinclair addresses in The Jungle? The Jungle by Upton Sinclair is a vivid account of life for the working class in the early 1900s. Jurgis Rudkus and his family travel to the United States in search of the American dream and an escape from the rigid social structure of Lithuania. Instead, they find a myriad of new difficulties. Sinclair attributes their problems to the downfalls of capitalism in the United States. While America’s system was idealistic for Jurgis and hisRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1210 Words   |  5 PagesThe Jungle by written by Upton Sinclair Book Report This report is based upon the book The Jungle, written by Upton Sinclair. This book was published by The Jungle Publishing Co. New York in 1906. Introduction of Author: Upton Sinclair was born on September 20, 1878, in Baltimore, Maryland. He belonged to a family off southern aristocracy but once Sinclair was born, his family went into poverty. Sinclair was a very smart boy and graduated from high school at the age of fourteen to go on and attendRead MoreThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair 792 Words   |  3 PagesCritics often argue that Upton Sinclair, author of many classic American novels including The Jungle, was cynical and bitter even. However if one were to dig just a bit deeper they may realize that Sinclair was spot on in his idea that this â€Å"American dream† that our country sells is actually a work of fiction. In his book The Jungle, Sinclair, points out the flaws of the American dream. Many immigrants traveled thousands of miles aboard, cramped, disease infested, ships with hope of coming to thisRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1260 Words   |  6 Pages The Jungle by Upton Sinclair was published in 1906. After reading two-hundred and ninety-four pages, it is evident that humans have been shaping the world over time and the world has been shaping us as well. A lot has changed since the industrial revolution, the time frame in which this novel takes place. Our food industries have improved, money value has risen, and job opportunities have expanded. Throughout The Jungle the reader follows an immigrant family on their journey of hardships andRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair937 Words   |  4 PagesThe Jungle, by Upton Sinclair and Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, by Frederick Douglass both bring forth personal or fictional events that capture t he interest of the the reader. The use of pathos in their writing along with true events questions the ethics, morality, and human rights of each individual at the time setting for the publication. In the book, The Jungle, Upton Sinclair advocates for the overall elimination of oppression and exploitation of workers andRead MoreThe Jungle By Upton Sinclair1334 Words   |  6 Pages1900s there were already more than 10 million immigrants living in America. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle reveals the struggles and hardships of a family that immigrated to the United States from Lithuania during the 1900s. Although many immigrant families came to America in search of a better life, soon most found themselves barely surviving with no job, food, shelter, or money. As is the case of the family in The Jungle. The novel not only unveils the corruption of the political and economic system

Free Trade and Poor Countries Free Essays

Why free trade is in the interest of the world’s poorest countries Free trade has been a much discussed topic since the 1770s, when Adam Smith presented his theory on trade and absolute advantages. Most sources argue that free trade will benefit the poor nations in the long run (Anderson et al. 2011; Bussolo et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Free Trade and Poor Countries or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2011; Madely 2000; Winters et al. , 2004). How-ever, the size of the benefits will vary in terms of which trade reforms are made, who the poor are, and how they support themselves (Winters et al. 2004). The purpose of this paper is to discuss why and how free trade is in the interest of the world’s poorest countries. The essay will commence by a description of the traditional trade theories, followed by a discussion of the advantages and the im-pact free trade has on the poorest nations including different theories and findings. There are two classic elements in the definition of trade. The first is Adam Smith’s rule of ‘mutual gain’, assessing that for two countries trading with each other both must gain. Furthermore Adam Smith argues that trade is based on ‘absolute advantages’, which means that free trade will benefit all nations, if they specialise in producing the goods in which they are most efficient. The countries will then be able to produce at a lower price and trade the surplus for goods where they are less effective. This will allocate the world’s resources in the best possible way (Dunkley 1997; Irwin 2002; Madely 2000; Smith 1776) The second element to trade is Ricardo’s (1817) argument that trade and specialisation is based on ‘comparative advantages’. If one country has the absolute advantages in all goods com-pared to another country both nations can still benefit from trading. The country with the absolute disadvantage should specialise in producing the goods in which the absolute disadvantage is small-est and then import the goods in which the absolute disadvantage is largest. In the perspective of comparative advantages, freeing up trade would give the developing countries a chance to specialise in the production of primary goods and export the surplus to the developed countries in exchange of e. g. industrial goods (Salvatore 2012). However, some sources argue that when the trading is between a poor country trading primary goods and a rich country trading industrial goods the latter will benefit the most, because the poor country will have to export more in order to import a similar amount (Madely 2000). In contrast, Samuelson (1939) argues that any kind of trade is better than no trade and Salvatore (2012) concludes that developing countries should continue trading as long as they gain. The capital they get from the trade should be used to improve their technology, which will change their comparative advantages from primary goods to more refined goods. This is supported by Winters et al. (2004) who point out that connection be-tween the liberalisation of trade and growth have not yet been completely proven, however there is no proof that trade should be harmful to growth. Moreover, barriers of free trade are not the only factor causing poverty; wars, corruption, diseases, and natural disasters are just a few internal fac-tors that keep the poor countries in poverty (Salvatore 2012). Another argument for free trade is that it would utilise the developing countries unutilised resources, caused by the insufficient national demand, more efficient. Free trade would give productions in developing countries a chance to sell their surplus on a greater market and with this give the developing countries a vent for their surplus (Salvatore 2012). Furthermore, free trade would increase the efficiency of domestic producers in order for them to compete with foreign companies. In addition, the expanding of the market size would form a basis for division of labour and economies of scale (Salvatore 2012). Advocates of free trade argue that free trade will maximise the world’s welfare (Bussolo et al. 2011). This is supported by the theory of imposing tariffs in small and large countries (Salvatore 2012). A small country is defined as a country where changes in the domestic market would not affect the international market price and a large country is defined as a country where changes would affect the international market prices (Salvatore 2012). If a small country imposes import tariffs they will experience an overall loss in welfare, because of deadweight loss which is caused by inefficiency in domestic production. If a large country imposes tariffs they will xperience an improvement in welfare because they are able to affect the international market price, the producer’s surplus rise and the government’s revenue increases (Salvatore 2012). However, gains from tariffs are often only short term; when a large country imposes tariffs their trading partners probably will too. This will result in reduced traded volume, which in the long term will cause a decrease in world welf are. Madely (2000) argues that free trade, historically, has raised the welfare of many nations, however, but not for the poorest nations. He claims that free trade mostly benefits the multinational companies, because the rise of food import has forced the smaller farmers to sell their land to the larger companies. Furthermore, the multinational companies do not have any commitment or loyalty to the country in which they are active, which means that the poorest stay poor. In contrast Dollar (2005) claims, that the fast growth and reduction of poverty has been strongest in the developing countries that have included themselves in the world economy most rapidly. Furthermore, Salvatore (2012) states that trade will move new technologies, ideas, and managing skills from the developed countries to the developing countries. So even though multinational companies are taking over the small farmer’s land they still provide the producing country with new knowledge and tools that can help the country develop new comparative advantages. Winters et al. (2004) claim, that freeing up trade is one of the easiest ways to reduce poverty. Agricultural trade reforms would have the largest and most positive impact on poverty, because three-quarters of the world’s poorest people still hinge on farming as their main source of income (Anderson et al. 2011). Furthermore, the poor countries also often have a large number of unskilled workers, which give the poor nations a comparative advantage in exporting labour-intensive goods (Bhagwati Srinivasan 2002). This paper determines that free trade overall would be in the interest of the poorest countries. Free trade will increase the global welfare and help the poor countries develop their comparative ad-vantages. Multinational companies’ investments in the poor countries will result in moving of tech-nology, ideas and skills. However, theory is not always consistent with practice, why it is important to examine the different perspectives in each case. Abolishing the world’s trade tariffs would indeed help the world’s poorest countries access a greater market to sell their goods, however, freeing up trade alone would not completely eliminate poverty; wars, diseases, corruption, and catastrophes are also strong influential factors of poverty. How to cite Free Trade and Poor Countries, Essay examples

Businesses and people alike lose millions of dolla Essay Example For Students

Businesses and people alike lose millions of dolla Essay rs each year as aresult of telemarketing scams. Due to the ease creating a telemarketingscam many people are skeptical to even hear what an actual telemarketer istrying to sell. People can help protect themselves by learning thefundamentals of detecting a potential fraud. The most important thing to doif victimized by fraud is to contact law enforcement agencies promptly. This way they can try to shut down the organization or undergroundoperation as quickly as possible. Some widely used telemarketing scams arefor fraudulent credit cards, supposedly free vacations, and pyramid sellingschemes. Another type of fraud is Internet fraud. With the rapid growth ofthe Internet there is likewise a growth in Internet scamming. Many of thetelemarketing scams are also scams to beware of on the Internet. Scams likethe pyramid scheme, fake credit cards, and free vacations are also on theInternet. A general rule of thumb, when dealing with a telemarketer, is to makesure the company is legitimate. If someone is unsure he or she shouldcontact the Better Business Bureau to find out. If the agency will notdisclose key information about their business or the details they do givedont sound right then once again contact the Better Business Bureau. Also,telemarketing scams often promise easy money that can be received withdoing next-to-nothing. If people could truly receive money for doingnothing then everyone would be involved in this lucrative operation. Something to keep in mind about credit card issuing companies is that mostlegal agencies will not deal with people that have bad credit. So if acompany guarantees a credit card no matter the credit rating then moreoften than not the operation is a scam. Many of the scams perpetrated by telemarketers are the same ones downon the Internet. Some tips to avoid having money stolen because of a scamare to make sure the company is a legitimate company. Like withtelemarketing scams, contact the Better Business Bureau about anythingsuspicious. Also, try to look for information on how complaints are filedand handled. While it may be tedious to find information about companieslocated in foreign countries, most companies actively participate inprograms that have standards for dealing with complaints. Another thing tolook out for is that just because they have no complaints doesnt mean theysatisfy all their customers. Most scam operations open and close quickly toavoid detection. When reading much e-mail dont take it for granted thatone saying it is from a legitimate company actually is. Anyone can say theyare from a company; make sure they are really from the company they claimbefore sending any personal information. Basically, this web site offers valuable information on differenttypes of scams and ways to avoid being scammed. With four main types ofscams, this web site goes in depth on different scams out there to watchout for. Within each category of fraud there are many examples and tips onwhat they claim to offer and what they really do offer. Lastly they havedifferent ways to report potential and actual fraud. The site lists anumber to call to report the incident and also has an online form to fillout to report the fraud. After looking over this web site no one shouldfall victim to any type of fraud.

Alexandria Hall Essays (1709 words) - Fiction, Literature

Alexandria Hall Phillip Joseph American Short Stories October 23, 2017 Comparing themes in Freemans's "The Revolt of Mother" and Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" Although today women are generally seen as equal in the United States, this view has only relatively recently been widely adopted in this country. For much of history, women have been viewed as subordinates to their perceived stronger, faster, more rational male counterparts. Because of this widely accepted societal ideology, women were almost solely confined to the domestic aspects of life during the traditionalist era, which is roughly regarded as the period between the start of the1920s and the end of the late 1970s. "The Revolt of Mother," by Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman and "The Yellow Wallpaper," by Charlotte Perkins Gilman are two short stories that provide a glimpse into the treatment of women during the traditionalist era and reveal the way that they were limited to their domestic duties. In both stories, nearly every one of the events that unfold parallel societal notions about feminism, exemplify female limitations in society and highlight the confinement of women withi n the domestic realm during this time in American history. Likewise, both stories parallel patriarchal injustices that were present in society during this period, despite the different ways the female characters react given their circumstances. In other words, there are strong similarities between the plots of the two stories and the way each event within the plots parallels some societal norm that oppressed women during this period; however, the two stories diverge from one another in the way that the female characters reacted to their oppressors, which, again, provides an authentic representation of women's lives during the traditionalist era. Among the parallelisms that can be observed in both "The Revolt of Mother," and "The Yellow Wall Paper," both f emale characters were kept in confined domestic spaces by their husbands , the oppressors . For example, Sarah Penn and her children were confined to a small, decrepit house and her husband, Adoniram Penn, had no plan of keeping the promise he made to his wife forty years ago that he would build a new home for his family. Instead, he keeps his wife contained in a small decaying house with a crooked staircase and a kitchen that is the size of a closet. Despite his attempts to keep his wife restricted in this unsuitable home, she resists him and undermines the patriarchal power within the home by moving her family and all their belongings into her husband's new farmhouse as soon as he leaves for the day. Quite similarly, in "The Yellow Wall Paper," the main character and narrator repeatedly voices her hatred for the dull, murky room and the moldy yellow wallpap er that she has been confined within; despite her resistance to be held in the room, her husband John makes her stay in the room because he believes it will help cure her sickness, which he believes is merely a passing burden. Rather than defying her husband and standing up for what she knows is best for her, the female narrator succumbs to his will without argument and obediently stays locked in that room. Altogether, the literal confinement of these women in a domestic space is a parallelism that mocks the way that society tends to confine women this way, not literally but ideologically. During this period, women were generally made to feel incapable of escaping the domestic realm, just as the female characters in these short stories felt incapable of escaping their dissatisfying environments. To further exemplify the way that these stories parallel the treatment of women during this time in society, the female character's husbands completely ignored their wives' thoughts, feelings, and demands. In "The Revolt of Mother," Adoniram had promised to build Sarah a new home for the last forty years, yet he seemingly unquestionably expected her to watch silently as he built yet another barn on their property to house even more cows. Despite his wife's clear disappointment about what her husband is having built, Adoniram continued to ignore her feelings and went about his day as usual. Likewise, the first-person female narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper," experienced similar subjection to her husband John's lack of regard for her

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Chapters 1-4 Vocabulary Essays

Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Chapters 1-4 Vocabulary Essays Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Chapters 1-4 Vocabulary Paper Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Chapters 1-4 Vocabulary Paper adolescence A period of the life course between the timepuberty begins and the time adult status is approached, when young people are in the process of preparing to take on the roles and responsibilities of adulthood in their culture. life-cycle service A period in their late teens and 20s in which young people from the 16th to the 19th century engaged in domestic service, farm service, or apprenticeships in various trades and crafts. child study movement Late 19th century group, led by G. Stanley Hall, that advocated research on child and adolescent development and the improvement of conditions for children and adolescents in the family, school, and workplace. recapitulation Now-discredited theory that held that the development of each individual recapitulates the evolutionary development of the human species as a whole. storm and stress Theory promoted by G. Stanley Hall asserting that adolescence is inevitably a time of mood disruptions, conflict with parents, and antisocial behavior. survey A questionnaire study that involves asking a large number of people questions about their opinions, beliefs, or behavior. stratified sampling Sampling technique in which researchers select participants so that various categories of people are represented in proportions equal to their presence in the population. random sample Sampling technique in which the people selected for participation in a study are chosen randomly, meaning that no one in the population has a better or worse chance of being selected than anyone else. menarche A girls first menstrual period. emerging adulthood Period from roughly ages 18 to 25 in industrialized countries during which young people become more independent from parents and explore various life possibilities before making enduring commitments. Lamarckian Reference to Lamarcks ideas, popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, that evolution takes place as a result of accumulated experience such that organisms pass on their characteristics from one generation to the next in the form of memories and acquired characteristics. early adolescence Period of human development lasting from about age 10 to about age 14. late adolescence Period of human development lasting from about age 15 to about age 18. individualism Cultural belief system that emphasized the desirability of independence, self-sufficiency, and self-expression. collectivism A set of beliefs asserting that it is important for persons to mute their individual desires in order to contribute to the well-being and success of the group. interdependence The web of commitments, attachments, and obligations that exist in some human groups. scientific method A systematic way of finding the answers to questions or problems that includes standards of sampling, procedure, and measures. hypotheses Ideas, based on theory or previous research, that a scholar wishes to test in a scientific study. sample The people included in a given study, who are intended to represent the population of interest. population The entire group of people of interest in a study. representative Characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which it accurately represents the population of interest. generalizable Characteristic of a sample that refers to the degree to which findings based on the sample can be used to make accurate statements about the population of interest. procedure Standards for the way a study is conducted. Includes informed consent and certain rules for avoiding biases in the data collection. method A scientific strategy for collecting data. peer reviewed When a scholarly article or book is evaluated by a scholars peers (i.e., other scholars) for scientific credibility and importance. informed consent Standard procedure in social scientific studies that entails informing potential participants of what their participation would involve, including any possible risks. consent form Written statement provided by a researcher to potential participants in a study, informing them of who is conducting the study, the purposes of the study, and what their participation would involve, including potential risks. closed question Questionnaire format that entails choosing from specific responses provided for each question. open-ended question Questionnaire format that involves writing in response to each question. interview Research method that involves asking people questions in a conversational format, such that peoples answers are in their own words. qualitative Data that is collected in non-numerical form, usually in interviews or observations. quantitative Data that is collected in numerical form, usually on questionnaires. ethnographic research Research in which scholars spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study, usually living among them. ethnography A book that presents an anthropologists observations of what life is like in a particular culture. reliability Characteristic of a measure that refers to the extent to which results of the measure on one occasion are similar to results of the measure on a separate occasion. validity The truthfulness of a measure, that is, the extent to which it measures what it claims to measure. experimental research method A research method that entails assigning participants randomly to an experimental group that received a treatment and a control group that does not receive the treatment, then comparing the two groups in a posttest. experimental group In experimental research, the group that receives the treatment. control group In experimental research, the group that does not receive the treatment. interventions Programs intended to change the attitudes and/or behavior of the participants. natural experiment A situation that occurs naturally but that provides interesting scientific information to the perceptive observer. monozygotic (MZ) twins Twins with exactly the same genotype. Also known as identical twins. dizygotic (DZ) twins Twins with about half their genotype in common, the same as for other siblings. Also known as fraternal twins. correlation versus causation A correlation is a predictable relationship between two variables, such that knowing one of the variables makes it possible to predict the other. However, just because two variables are correlated does not mean that one causes the other, longitudinal study A study in which data is collected from the participants on more than one occasion. patriarchal authority Cultural belief in the absolute authority of the father over his wife and children. filial piety Confucian belief, common in many Asian societies, that children are obligated to respect, obey, and revere their parents, especially the father. caste system Hindu belief that people are born into a particular caste based on their moral and spiritual conduct in their previous life. A persons caste then determines their status in Indian society. globalization Increasing worldwide technological and economic integration, which is making different pars of the world increasingly connected and increasingly similar culturally. bicultural Having an identity that includes aspects of two different cultures. resilience Overcoming adverse environmental circumstances to achieve healthy development. culture The total pattern of a groups customs, beliefs, art, and technology; a groups common way of life, passed on from one generation to the next. the West The United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand; they are all developed countries, they are all representative democracies with similar kinds of governments, and they share to some extent a common cultural history; today, they are characterized by secularism, consumerism, and capitalism, to one degree or another; usually refers to the majority culture in each of the countries, but each country also has cultural groups that do not share the characteristics of the majority culture and may even be in opposition to it. developed countries Includes the countries of the West along with Eastern countries such as Japan and South Korea; all of them have highly developed economies that have passed through a period of industrialization and are now based mainly on services (such as law, banking, sales, and accounting) and information (such as computer-related companies). majority culture The culture that sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual, and media power; in America, the mostly White, middle-class majority in American society. society A group of people who interact in the course of sharing a common geographical area; may include a variety of cultures with different customs, religions, family traditions, and economic practices; different from a culture: members of a culture share a common way of life, whereas members of this may not. traditional cultures Refers to a culture that has maintained a way of life based on stable traditions passed from one generation to the next. These cultures do not generally value change but rather place a higher value on remaining true to cultural traditions; often, they are called preindustrial, which means that they technology and economic practices typical in developed countries are not widely used. developing countries Previously traditional, preindustrial cultures that become industrialized as a consequence of globalization. socioeconomic status Often used to refer to social class, which includes educational level, income level, and occupational status. For adolescents and emerging adults, because they have not yet reached the social class they will have as adults, this is usually used in reference to their parents levels of education, income, and occupation. young people Adolescents and emerging adults together. research design The plan for when and how to collect the data for a study. cross-sectional research Research in which data are collected on a sample of people at a single point in time. national survey Research technique which utilizes both stratified sampling and random sampling on a large scale. national survey Research technique which utilizes both stratified sampling and random sampling on a large scale. puberty The changes in physiology, anatomy, and physical functioning that develop a person into a mature adult biologically and prepare the body for sexual reproduction. endocrine system A network of glands in the body. Through hormones, the glands coordinate their functioning and affect the development and functioning of the body. hormones Chemicals, released by the glands of the endocrine system, that affect the development and functioning of the body, including development during puberty. hypothalamus The master gland, located in the lower part of the brain beneath the cortex, that affects a wide range of physiological and psychological functioning and stimulates and regulates the production of hormones by other glands, including the ones involved in the initiation of puberty. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Hormone released by the hypothalamus that causes gonadotropins to be released by the pituitary. leptin A protein, produced by fat cells, that signals the hypothalamus to initiate the hormonal changes of puberty. pituitary gland A gland about half an inch long located at the base of the brain that released gonadotropins as part of the bodys preparation for reproduction. gonadotropins hormones (FSH and LH) that stimulate the development of gametes. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Along with LH, stimulates the development of gametes and sex hormones in the ovaries and testicles. luteinizing hormone (LH) Along with FSH, stimulates the development of gametes and sex hormones in the ovaries and testicles. gametes Cells, distinctive to each sex, that are involved in reproduction (egg cells in the ovaries of the female and sperm in the testes of the male). gonads The ovaries and testicles. Also known as the sex glands. sex hormones Androgens and estrogens that cause the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics. estrogens The sex hormones that have especially high levels in females from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for female primary and secondary sex characteristics. androgens The sex hormones that have especially high levels in males from puberty onward and are mostly responsible for male primary and secondary sex characteristics. estradiol The estrogen most important in pubertal development among girls. testosterone The androgen most important in pubertal development among boys. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) The hormone that causes the adrenal glands to increase androgen production feedback look System of hormones involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads, which monitors and adjusts the levels of sex hormones. set point Optimal level of sex hormones in the body. When this point is reached, responses in the glands of the feedback loop cause the production of sex hormones to be reduced. adolescent growth spurt The rapid increase in height that takes place at the beginning of puberty. peak height velocity The point at which the adolescent growth spurt is at its maximum rate. asynchronicity Uneven growth of different parts of the body during puberty. extremities The feet, hands, and head. vital capacity The amount of air that can be exhaled after a deep breath, which increases rapidly during puberty, especially for boys. maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) A measure of the ability of the body to take in oxygen and transport it to various organs; peaks in the early 20s. cardiac output A measure of the quantity of blood pumped by the heart. health promotion Efforts to reduce health problems in young people through encouraging changes in the behaviors that put young people at risk. primary sex characteristics The production of eggs and sperm and the development of the sex organs. secondary sex characteristics Bodily changes of puberty not directly related to reproduction. ovum Mature egg that develops from follicle in ovaries about every 28 days. spermarche Beginning of development of sperm in boys testicles at puberty. vulva External female sex organs, including the labia majora, the labia minora, and the clitoris. labia majora Part of vulva; Latin for large lips. labia minora Part of vulva; Latin for small lips. clitoris Part of vulva in which females sexual sensations are concentrated. breast buds The first slight enlargement of the breast in girls at puberty. areola Area surrounding the nipple on the breast; enlarges at puberty. secular trend A change in the characteristics of a population over time. reaction range Term meaning that genes establish a range of possible development and environment determines where development takes place within that range. incest taboo The prohibition on sexual relations between family members. Believed to be biologically based, as children born to closely related parents are at higher risk for genetic disorders. premenstrual syndrome (PMS) The combination of behavioral, emotional, and physical symptoms that occur in some females the week before menstruation. semenarche A males first ejaculation. age-graded Organized by age, for example in schools. nature-nurture debate Debate over the relative importance of biology and the environment in human development. theory of genotype>environment effects Theory that both genetics and environment make essential contributions to human development but are difficult to unravel because our genes actually influence the kind of environment we experience. passive genotype>environment effects Situation in biological families that parents provide both genes and environment for their children, making genes and environment difficult to separate in their effects on childrens development. evocative genotype>environment effects Occur when a persons inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment. active genotype>environment effects Occur when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics. mikveh Among Orthodox Jewish women, a ritual bath taken a week after the conclusion of the menstrual period, believed to cleanse the impurity believed to be associated with menstruation. cognitive development Changes over time in how people think, how they solve problems, and how their capacities for memory and attention change. Jean Piaget Influential Swiss developmental psychologist, best known for his theories of cognitive and moral development stage A period in which abilities are organized in a coherent, interrelated way. mental structure The organization of cognitive abilities into a single pattern, such that thinking in all aspects of life is a reflection of that structure. cognitive-developmental approach Approach to understanding cognition that emphasizes the changes that take place at different ages. maturation Process by which abilities develop through genetically based development with limited influence from the environment. schemes A mental structure for organizing and interpreting information. assimilation The cognitive process that occurs when new information is altered to fit an existing scheme. accommodation The cognitive process that occurs when a scheme is changed to adapt to new information. sensorimotor stage Cognitive stage in first 2 years of life that involves learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activities. preoperational stage Cognitive stage from ages 2 to 7 during which the child becomes capable of representing the world symbolicallyfor example, through the use of languagebut is still very limited in ability to use mental operations. concrete operations Cognitive stage from age 7 to 11 in which children learn to use mental operations but are limited to applying them to concrete, observable situations rather than hypothetical situations. mental operations Cognitive activity involving manipulating and reasoning about objects. formal operations Cognitive stage from age 11 on up in which people learn to think systematically about possibilities and hypotheses. pendulum problem Piagets classic test of formal operations, in which persons are asked to figure out what determines the speed at which a pendulum sways from side to side. hypothetical-deductive reasoning Piagets term for the process by which the formal operational thinker systematically tests possible solutions to a problem and arrives at an answer that can be defended and explained. abstract thinking Thinking in terms of symbols, ideas, and concepts. complex thinking Thinking that takes into account multiple connections and interpretations, such as in the use of metaphor, satire, and sarcasm. metacognition The capacity for thinking about thinking that allows adolescents and adults to reason about their thought processes and monitor them. individual differences Approach to research that focuses on how individuals differ within a group, for example, in performance on IQ tests. postformal thinking Type of thinking beyond formal operations, involving greater awareness of the complexity of real-life situations, such as the use of pragmatism and reflective judgment. pragmatism Type of thinking that involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations. dialectical thought Type of thinking that develops in emerging adulthood, involving a growing awareness that most problems do not have a single solution and that problems must often be addressed with crucial pieces of information missing. reflective judgment The capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments. dualistic thinking Cognitive tendency to see situations and issues in polarized, absolute, black-and-white terms. multiple thinking Cognitive approach entailing recognition that there is more than one legitimate view of things and that it can be difficult to justify one position as the true or accurate one. relativism Cognitive ability to recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view but also compare the relative merits of competing views. commitment Cognitive status in which persons commit themselves to certain points of view they believe to be the most valid while at the same time being open to reevaluating their views if new evidence is presented to them. information-processing approach An approach to understanding cognition that seeks to delineate the steps involved in the thinking process and how each step is connected to the next. discontinuous A view of development as taking place in stages that are distinct from one another rather than as one gradual, continuous process. continuous A view of development as a gradual, steady process rather than as taking place in distinct stages. componential approach Description of the information-processing approach to cognition, indicating that it involves breaking down the thinking process into its various components. selective attention The ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant. divided attention The ability to focus on more than one task at a time. short-term memory Memory for information that is the current focus of attention. long-term memory Memory for information that is committed to long-term storage, so that it can be drawn upon after a period when attention has not been focused on it. working memory An aspect of short-term memory that refers to where information is stored as it is comprehended and analyzed. mnemonic devices Memory strategies. automaticity Degree of cognitive effort a person needs to devote to processing a given set of information. reductionism Breaking up a phenomenon into separate parts to such an extent that the meaning and coherence of the phenomenon as a whole becomes lost. critical thinking Thinking that involves not merely memorizing information but analyzing it, making judgments about what it means, relating it to other information, and considering ways in which it might be valid or invalid. behavioral decision theory Theory of decision making that describes the decision-making process as including (1) identifying the range of possible choices; (2) identifying the consequences that would result from each choice; (3) evaluating the desirability of each consequence; (4) assessing the likelihood of each consequence; and (5) integrating this information. organizational core Term applied especially to cognitive development, meaning that cognitive development affects all areas of thinking, no matter what the topic. social cognition How people think about other people, social relationships, and social institutions perspective taking The ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of others. mutual perspective taking Stage of perspective taking, often found in early adolescence, in which persons understand that their perspective-taking interactions with others are mutual, in the sense that each side realizes that the other can take their perspective. social and conventional system perspective taking Realizing that the social perspectives of self and others are influenced not just by their interaction with each other but by their roles in the larger society. prosocial Promoting the well-being of others. theory of mind The ability to attribute mental states to ones self and others, including beliefs, thoughts, and feelings. adolescent egocentrism Type of egocentrism in which adolescents have difficulty distinguishing their thinking about their own thoughts from their thinking about the thoughts of others. imaginary audience Belief that others are acutely aware of and attentive to ones appearance and behavior. personal fable A belief in ones personal uniqueness, often including a sense of invulnerability to the consequences of taking risks. optimistic bias The tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to other people than to ones self. psychometric approach Attempt to understand human cognition by evaluating cognitive abilities using intelligence tests Alfred Binet French psychologist who developed the first intelligence test in the early 20th century, which later became known as the Stanford-Binet. Stanford-Binet Widely used IQ test developed by Alfred Binet and revised by scholars at Stanford University intelligence quotient A measure of a persons intellectual abilities based on a standardized test. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) Intelligence test for children ages 6 to 16, with six Verbal and five Performance subtests. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Intelligence test for persons ages 16 and up, with six Verbal and five Performance subtests. Verbal subtests In the Wechsler IQ tests, subtests that examine verbal abilities Performance subtests In the Wechsler IQ tests, subtests that examine abilities for attention, spatial perception, and speed of processing. relative performance In IQ tests, performance results compared to those of other persons of the same age. absolute performance In IQ tests, performance results compared to those of other persons, regardless of age. age norms Technique for developing a psychological test, in which a typical score for each age is established by testing a large random sample of people from a variety of geographical areas and social class backgrounds. median In a distribution of scores, the point at which half of the population scores above and half below. test-retest reliability Type of reliability that examines whether or not persons scores on one occasion are similar to their scores on another occasion. fluid intelligence Mental abilities that involve speed of analyzing, processing, and reacting to information. crystallized intelligence Accumulated knowledge and enhanced judgment based on experience. predictive validity In longitudinal research, the ability of a variable at Time 1 to predict the outcome of a variable at Time 2. transracial adoption The adoption of children of one race by parents of a different race. theory of multiple intelligences Howard Gardners theory that there are eight separate types of intelligence. fMRI A technique for measuring brain functioning during an ongoing activity. PET scans A technique for assessing ongoing brain functioning, in which a chemical that emits positrons is injected into the body, and detectors measure their activity levels in various parts of the brain. synapse The point of transmission between two nerve cells. neurons Cells of the nervous system, including the brain. overproduction or exuberance A rapid increase in the production of synaptic connections in the brain. gray matter The outer layer of the brain, where most of the growth in brain cells occurs during overproduction in adolescence. frontal lobes The part of the brain immediately behind the forehead. Known to be involved in higher brain functions such as planning ahead and analyzing complex problems. synaptic pruning Following overproduction, the process by which the number of synapses in the brain are reduced, making brain functioning faster and more efficient but less flexible. myelination Process by which myelin, a blanket of fat wrapped around the main part of the neuron, grows. Myelin serves the function of keeping the brains electrical signals on one path and increasing their speed. cerebellum A structure in the lower brain, well beneath the cortex, long thought to be involved only in basic functions such as movement, now known to be important for many higher functions as well, such as mathematics, music, decision making, and social skills. Vygotsky Russian psychologist who emphasized the cultural basis of cognitive development. zone of proximal development The gap between how competently a person performs a task alone and when guided by an adule or more competent peer. scaffolding The degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learners skills develop. guided participation The teaching interaction between two people (often an adult and a child or adolescent) as they participate in a culturally valued activity. cultural psychology Approach to human psychology emphasizing that psychological functioning cannot be separated from the culture in which it takes place. cultural beliefs The predominant beliefs in a culture about right and wrong, what is most important in life, and how life should be lived. May also include beliefs about where and how life originated and what happens after death. symbolic inheritance The set of ideas and understandings, both implicit and explicit, about persons, society, nature, and divinity that serve as a guide to life in a particular culture. It is expressed symbolically through stories, songs, rituals, sacred objects, and sacred places. roles Defined social positions in a culture, containing specifications of behavior, status, and relations with others. Examples include gender, age, and social class. gender roles Cultural beliefs about the kinds of work, appearance, and other aspects of behavior that distinguish women from men. socialization The process by which people acquire the behaviors and beliefs of the culture in which they live. self-regulation The capacity for exercising self-control in order to restrain ones impulses and comply with social norms. role preparation An outcome of socialization that includes preparation for occupational roles, gender roles, and roles in institutions such as marriage and parenthood. Bat Mitzvah Jewish religious ritual for girls at age 13 that signifies the adolescents new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs. Bar Mitzvah Jewish religious ritual for boys at age 13 that signifies the adolescents new responsibilities with respect to Jewish beliefs. sources of meaning The ideas and beliefs that people learn as a part of socialization, indicating what is important, what is to be values, what is to be lived for, and how to explain and offer consolation for the individuals mortality. interdependent self A conception of the self typically found in collectivistic cultures, in which the self is seen as defined by roles and relationships within the group. independent self A conception of the self typically found in individualistic cultures, in which the self is seen as existing independently of relations with others, with an emphasis on independence, individual freedoms, and individual achievements. broad socialization The process by which persons in an individualistic culture come to learn individualism, including values of individual uniqueness, independence, and self-expression. narrow socialization The process by which persons in a collectivistic culture come to learn collectivism, including values of obedience and conformity. custom complex A customary practice and the beliefs, values, sanctions, rules, motives, and satisfactions associated with it; that is, a normative practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for that practice. ontogenetic Something that occurs naturally in the course of development as part of normal maturation; that is, it is driven by innate processes rather than by environmental stimulation or a specific cultural practice. first-generation families The status of persons who were born in one country and then immigrated to another. second-generation families The status of persons who were born in the country they currently reside in but whose parents were born in a different country. secular Based on nonreligious beliefs and values. social desirability The tendency for people participating in social science studies to report their behavior as they believe it would be approved by others rather than as it actually occurred. poetic-conventional faith Fowlers term for the stage of faith development most typical of early adolescence, in which people become more aware of the symbolism used in their faith and religious understanding becomes more complex in the sense hat early adolescents increasingly believe that there is more than one way of knowing the truth. individuating-reflective faith Fowlers term for the stage of faith most typical of late adolescence and emerging adulthood, in which people rely less on what their parents believed and develop a more individualized faith based on questioning their beliefs and incorporating their personal experience into their beliefs. heteronomous morality Piagets term for the period of moral development from about ages 4 to about 7, in which moral rules are viewed as having a sacred, fixed quality, handed down from figures of authority and alterable only by them. autonomous morality Piagets term for the period of moral development from about ages 10 to 12, involving a growing realization that moral rules are social conventions that can be changed if people decide they should be changed. preconventional reasoning In Kohlbergs theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments. conventional reasoning In Kohlbergs theory of moral development, the level of moral reasoning in which the person advocates the value of conforming to the moral expectations of others. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities. postconventional reasoning In Kohlbergs theory of moral development, the level in which moral reasoning is based on the individuals own independent judgments rather than on egocentric considerations or considerations of what others view as wrong or right. justice orientation A type of moral orientation that places a premium on abstract principles of justice, equality, and fairness. care orientation Gilligans term for the type of moral orientation that involves focusing on relationships with others as the basis for moral reasoning. worldview A set of cultural beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted, and how human problems should be addressed.

Organizational Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organizational Theory - Research Paper Example The paper is intended to provide detail descriptions about the competition of organisation with their competitors for acquiring resources. Lastly the report covers the full description of the nature of organizations and their stages of development. This essay declares that for managers the importance of resources is to develop, identify and arrange them in such a manner that it brings profit in the competitive market with higher return on capital. Resources comprise of every assets such as capabilities, information, knowledge, attributes of firm, organizational processes and so on. These resources are managed by a firm to conceive as well as apply strategies to stimulate its effectiveness and competence. As resources can be considered as heterogeneous, it varies from organization to organization. Resources are the tangible and intangible assets of the firms which are being used to implement and develop their strategies. Firms have right to use specific resources of a firm as well as country-specific resources. These resources are located in both the firm’s country of origin and other host countries where it performs the business. Human resources, financial resources and physical resources are fixed effort of any organiza tion. Administrative resources provide leadership structures for managing and leading these traditional resources. Political resources are used for government agencies and are typical to public organizations. Reputation is an important intangible resource. Labor is also a key resource of any organization.... As resources can be considered as heterogeneous, it varies from organization to organization. Resources are the tangible and intangible assets of the firms which are being used to implement and develop their strategies. Firms have right to use specific resources of a firm as well as country-specific resources. These resources are located in both the firm’s country of origin and other host countries where it performs the business (Rapp & Jackson, 2003). Human resources, financial resources and physical resources are fixed effort of any organization. Administrative resources provide leadership structures for managing and leading these traditional resources. Political resources are used for government agencies and are typical to public organizations. Reputation is an important intangible resource. Labor is also a key resource of any organization (Lee, n.d). 3.0 Impact of the Resources on the Organizational Members A variety of resources show moderately different impacts on organi zational members. Certain resources have positive and major influences on efficiency of organization’s members and others embrace negative or insignificant relationships against the performance of the organization’s members. The organizations resources comprise of human resource, financial resource, physical resource, administrative resource and political resource. All these resources have greater impact on members of the organization. The human resources of an organization bring better performance and competitive advantage to the organizations’ members. The proportion of professional employees in the firm is associated with the autonomy in human resource. As a result, professionals in human resources have positive impact on performance of members of

Human cloning and stem cell research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human cloning and stem cell research - Essay Example This essay examines prominent scientific and ethical elements related to human cloning and stem cell research. While the nature of human cloning and stem cell research has a number of important medical implications, these notions are always accompanied by the ethical concerns of biotechnology. In considering current usages of genetic engineering one is able to establish a more broad ranging understanding of these questions; in these regards, genetic engineering finds widespread use in agricultural procedures, as well as genetically engineered animals (‘Ethical Issues’). As scientists experiment animal engineering questions emerge regarding what constitutes human cloning, as human genes have been inserted into animal organisms (‘Ethical Issues’). Stem cells specifically are biological cells found in multicellular organisms. Research has allowed scientists to artificially grow or replicate these cells that can be used in medical therapies. Stem cell research and human cloning poses a number of widespread benefits to humanity. Indeed, it’s been indicated that this technology could potentially be implemented to aid, â€Å"debilitating diseases and disabilities, including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, diabetes, heart disease, liver disease, and spinal cord injury† (Lindsay, p. 228). Still, Federal funding has oftentimes been withheld from such research among arguments that such research kills an entity that is the equivalent of a person. While theology has ostensibly objects to cloning and stem cell research in terms of religious doctrine, it’s clear that even from a secular perspective the process poses a number of concerns. In these regards, if stem cell experimentation is allowed groups worry that eventually full-scale human cloning will occurs (Lindvall). Questions emerge concern the potential of human/animal chimeras. While such considerations are somewhat sensational, one also considers the moral issues

Advantages Of Bus Topology Computer Science Essay

Advantages Of Bus Topology Computer Science Essay A topology is defined as the layout of the network i.e. how the nodes are connected. This describes how the network physically looks or how the network is physically designed. The concept of a topology is important because each network card is designed to work with a specific topology. Conversely, if your network cable is already installed and you want to use existing wiring, you must select your network cards based on the preexisting physical topology. Ideally, you can design your network from scratch. Then you can choose your topology, cabling, and network cards based on what best meets your needs. Physically, a bus topology uses a linear segment of cable to connect all network devices. Devices typically connect to the bus (the cable) through T-connectors. At each end of the bus are terminators. Each terminator absorbs the signal when it reaches the end of the cable. Without a terminator, a signal would bounce back and cause network errors. The physical bus topology uses a logical bus to transmit data on the cable in both directions. In a logical bus topology, only one transmission can occur at any given moment. Otherwise, two transmissions would collide and cause network errors. Termination ensures that the signal is removed from the cable when it reaches either end, preventing possible network errors. Fig. 4.1 Bus Topology Advantages of Bus Topology : The benefits of a bus topology include the following: 1. This is less expensive topology because it requires less cable for networking because using only one cable it is possible to connect many computers. 2. It is an easy way to network a small number of computers. Disadvantages of Bus Topology : The drawbacks of a bus topology include the following: 1. One break in cable cause entire failure in network. 2. It is very difficult to correct the errors because the cable is not related to only one machine. 3. On a medium-sized to large network, reconfiguration is more difficult than the cable Management of a star topology. Star Topology The star topology looks like a star. The hub is at the center of the star, and all devices attach to the hub via a cable. Logically, the physical star topology operates as a logical bus topology by sending the data signal to all nodes at once. The hub at the center of the star works as a signal splitter, which means the signal is split and sent to all computers at the same time, with one exception-it is not sent back to the computer from which the signal sent. The signal is terminated at each network card, thereby preventing the signal from accidentally reentering the network. If this were to happen, data packets would travel the network endlessly-seriously slowing down network performance. Fig. 4.2 Star Topology Advantages of Star Topology : The benefits of a star topology include the following: 1. A star topology is more fault tolerant than other topologies, because a cable break does not bring down the entire network. 2. Reconfiguring the network, or adding nodes, is easy because each node connects to the central hub independent of other nodes. 3. Isolating cable failures is easy because each node connects independently to the central hub. Disadvantages of Star Topology : The disadvantages of a star topology are: 1. If the central hub fails, the entire network becomes unavailable. 2. This topology is more expensive than others to install because of the additional cable and equipment involved. Ring Topology: Physically, the ring topology is shaped in a ring. Cables pass from computer to computer until the ring is complete. When data is transmitted, each workstation receives the signal and then passes it on when the workstation is done with the data. Other than Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), no current networks use a physical ring topology, because a break in the ring makes the entire network unavailable. Logically, a ring topology works by passing the signal, traditionally called a token, from one node to another until it reaches all the way around the ring. Token-passing schemes use the logical ring topology. Fig. 4.3 Ring Topology Advantages of Ring Topology : A logical ring topology ensures access to the network without the risk of collisions, which can occur in logical star or bus topologies. Disadvantages of Ring Topology : The drawbacks of a ring topology include the following: 1. If there is a break in the cable of a physical ring topology, the network becomes unavailable. 2. Physical ring topologies are difficult to troubleshoot. 3. Physical ring topologies are hard to reconfigure. 4. There is limited support for ring networks. 5. The costs for a ring network are significantly higher than for star or bus. Tree Topology Also known as a hierarchy network, The type of network topology in which a central root node (the top level of the hierarchy) is connected to one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy (i.e., the second level) with a point-to-point link between each of the second level nodes and the top level central root node, Fig. 4.4 Tree Topology While each of the second level nodes that are connected to the top level central root node will also have one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy (i.e., the third level) connected to it, also with a point-to-point link, the top level central root node being the only node that has no other node above it in the hierarchy (The hierarchy of the tree is symmetrical.) Each node in the network having a specific fixed number, of nodes connected to it at the next lower level in the hierarchy, the number, being referred to as the branching factor of the hierarchical tree. This tree has individual peripheral nodes. 1.) A network that is based upon the physical hierarchical topology must have at least three levels in the hierarchy of the tree, since a network with a central root node and only one hierarchical level below it would exhibit the physical topology of a star. 2.) A network that is based upon the physical hierarchical topology and with a branching factor of 1 would be classified as a physical linear topology. 3.) The branching factor, f, is independent of the total number of nodes in the network and, therefore, if the nodes in the network require ports for connection to other nodes the total number of ports per node may be kept low even though the total number of nodes is large à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ this makes the effect of the cost of adding ports to each node totally dependent upon the branching factor and may therefore be kept as low as required without any effect upon the total number of nodes that are possible. 4.) The total number of point-to-point links in a network that is based upon the physical hierarchical topology will be one less than the total number of nodes in the network. 5.) If the nodes in a network that is based upon the physical hierarchical topology are required to perform any processing upon the data that is transmitted between nodes in the network, the nodes that are at higher levels in the hierarchy will be required to perform more processing operations on behalf of other nodes than the nodes that are lower in the hierarchy. Such a type of network topology is very useful and highly recommended Mesh Topology Mesh The value of fully meshed networks is proportional to the exponent of the number of subscribers, assuming that communicating groups of any two endpoints, up to and including all the endpoints, is approximated by Reeds Law. Fig. 4.5.1 Fully connected mesh topology The number of connections in a full mesh = n(n 1) / 2 Fully connected Note: The physical fully connected mesh topology is generally too costly and complex for practical networks, although the topology is used when there are only a small number of nodes to be interconnected. Fig. 4.5.2 Partially connected mesh topology Partially connected The type of network topology in which some of the nodes of the network are connected to more than one other node in the network with a point-to-point link à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ this makes it possible to take advantage of some of the redundancy that is provided by a physical fully connected mesh topology without the expense and complexity required for a connection between every node in the network. In most practical networks that are based upon the physical partially connected mesh topology, all of the data that is transmitted between nodes in the network takes the shortest path (or an approximation of the shortest path) between nodes, except in the case of a failure or break in one of the links, in which case the data takes an alternative path to the destination. This requires that the nodes of the network possess some type of logical routing algorithm to determine the correct path to use at any particular time.